Kerbala Journal of Pure Sciences

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Nano Graft Copolymer-N-acetylpseudoephedrine drug Composite and Studying their Effect in the Treatment of Lung Cancer

2024-10-06T06:42:57+00:00

The research includes two steps: in the first step, preparation of a nano co-polymer from the reaction of one mole of glycerol with three moles of phthalic anhydride and was chracterized using ¹H-NMR, FT-IR, TEM, AFM. The second step is the loading of the drug (N-acetyl pseudoephedrine) onto the nano co-polymer via ester bonds. In order to determine the protein binding site for the amino acid bond under investigation, an AutoDock software was used to investigate molecular docking. The above-mentioned chemotherapy drug was tested on a lung cancer cell line, and the results showed its high effectiveness in preventing the spread of lung cancer cells, as evidenced by the noticeable decrease in the percentage of these cells compared to the control group. Novel cytotoxicity of nano composites containing N-acetyl pseudoephedrine in A549 cells. The IC50 value is 45.033 µg/mL.

Development and Validation of a 1-Year-Old Computational Voxel Phantom for Improved Dosimetric Accuracy in Paediatric Dental Cone Beam Computed Tomography

2024-11-24T06:12:09+00:00

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) offers a lower radiation dose alternative for paediatric patients compared to conventional CT scan, particularly in managing cleft lip and palate (CLP). Accurate dosimetry is essential to balance benefits and risks, with Monte Carlo simulations being a feasible approach. Despite advancements in computational phantoms, a gap exists for 1-year-old paediatric phantoms specific to CLP cases in dental CBCT. This study addresses this gap by developing and validating a 1-year-old voxel model for dental CBCT, utilising binary data from medical images as outlined in International Commission on Radiological Protection publication 143. The binary data were converted to voxel images using (X) MedCon software and processed in 3DSlicer to create a 3D model representing head and neck organs and tissues, including modifications for CLP anatomical variations. Validation against anthropometric data confirmed the model's accuracy. Monte Carlo GATE simulations were then used to calculate absorbed and effective organ doses during dental CBCT procedures. Effective dose (ED) values ranged from 0.02 mSv to 2.98 mSv, with dose reductions achieved by lowering the tube current-time product. The cochlea received the highest dose due to its proximity to the cone beam's field of view, while the brain and thyroid received the lowest doses due to protective anatomical positioning. The study provides a reliable dosimetry voxel phantom and emphasises optimising exposure parameters in paediatric imaging to minimise radiation risks.

Beta-Glucan: An Overview of its Properties, sources, Health Benefits, immunity and Extraction methods.

2024-11-14T07:32:35+00:00

A common homopolysaccharide made of D-glucose, beta glucan has a number of biological actions, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor effects. It is also found in cereals and microbes. More recently, there has been increasing evidence that β-glucan acts as a physiologically active compound that regulates adaptive immune responses, promotes dendritic cell maturation, and secretes cytokines. These processes are all directly linked to -glucan-regulated glucan receptors. This review focuses on the sources, characteristics, immunomodulatory properties, health benefits, extraction methods, and purification techniques of β-glucan.

Unraveling MS Pathogenesis: The Critical Roles of B and T Cells in Disease Development

2024-12-08T07:29:03+00:00

Abstract

Introduction
Multiple sclerosis is a complex inflammatory disease characterized by the immune system's aberrant attack on the central nervous system , leading to localized inflammation and demyelination of nerve cell sheaths. This autoimmune response is primarily mediated by lymphocytes, the body's defensive cells, which mistakenly target healthy central nervous system nerve cells, ultimately causing neurological impairments and a range of debilitating symptoms.

LiteratureReview
In recent years, extensive studies have explored the underlying mechanisms of Multiple sclerosis pathophysiology. Traditionally, T cells have been understood as central to MS progression, mediating immune-driven central nerve system damage. However, emerging research has uncovered an equally critical role for B cells, challenging the established paradigm and broadening the understanding of immune involvement in Multiple sclerosis. This review reevaluates past research and recent findings on the dual contributions of T and B cells to MS pathology, highlighting how B cells may drive disease progression through mechanisms distinct from those of T cells.

Conclusion
Current insights into Multiple sclerosis pathogenesis reveal a more complex immune network than previously thought, with both T and B cells contributing to central nerve system inflammation and demyelination. The recognition of B cells’ significant role, alongside T cells, offers new perspectives on therapeutic targets and suggests that effective MS treatments may require a multifaceted approach to immune modulation.

The Effect of Aqueous and Oil Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare (Sweet Fennel) on the Larval Stages of Ephestia cautella (Fig Moth)

2024-10-07T07:17:43+00:00

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted in the Graduate Studies Laboratory, Department of Biological Resistance Technologies, Al-Musayyib Technical College, from 1st October 2023 to 1st December 2023. The experiments aimed to assess the effects of hot, cold aqueous, and oil extracts of Foeniculum vulgare (sweet fennel) on the various larval stages of Ephestia cautella (fig moth). The results indicated that the oil extract of fennel seeds outperformed the cold and hot aqueous extracts, with the highest mortality rate of 66.70% observed for the oil extract at a a concentration of 1% after 72 hours. In comparison, the highest mortality rates for the hot aqueous extract and cold aqueous extract at the same concentration were 40.00% and 53.30%, respectively, after 72 hours. The lowest mortality rate for the oil extract was observed at a concentration of 0.25%, registering 10.00%, while the cold aqueous extract resulted in a minimum mortality rate of 6.70% at a concentration of 0.25% after 72 hours post-treatment.

The findings also revealed that the percentage of mortality increased with higher extract concentrations and longer exposure times.

A proposed network of an effective deep belief for the recognition of Alzheimer

2024-09-26T06:30:09+00:00

Alzheimer(A.Z) is a gradually advancing condition that leads to the degeneration of brain cells. rendering an individual unable of independent functioning. During the initial stages of AZ development, an individual may forget prior talks or the occurrence of an incident. Subsequently, there may be a substantial decline in memory, rendering the individual unable of doing daily tasks . Therefore, this study aims to differentiate between patients with AZ and those in the normal control (NC) group by employing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Four phases were used in our study: collected (420)subjects as dataset , preprocessing with a 2D Gaussian filter, and feature extraction by using deep neural networks , while last step is classification . Machine learning algorithms are used to determine if the subject are demented or not . In this study , applied Random Forest and Naive Bayesian

methods as classifier . For analysis purpose , (WEKA.) tool is utilized .The experimental results show that accuracy was 83 %with Random forest while 79% with Naive Bayesian

the Levels of serum concentration adiponkines (ghrelin and obestatin) in patient with hypothyroidism

2024-10-01T06:54:23+00:00

Background: Hypothyroidism is one of the most widespread disorders affecting the thyroid gland in the world, which associated with hormonal disorders. Objective: the aim of this study to measured adipokines (ghrelin and obestatin) in hypothyroidism patients.

Patient and method: A case-control study comprised 60 samples from hypothyroidism patients and 30 healthy samples from female patients ranging in age from 20 to 70 . A questionnaire was designed for collecting patiens as required in criteria of the study and to distinguish them from healthy controls. This questionnaire include Age, hight, weight, BMI, chronic disease and duration of illness for patients. A thorough clinical history, physical examination, and pertinent laboratory tests were performed on the patients, and an evaluation of laboratory measures for thyroid diseases was used to establish the kind of problem. Serum ghrelin and obestatin concentrations were measured in serum samples using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system (ELISA) using the Competitive-ELISA method

D Detection of Some Antibiotic Resistance of beta lactam and flouroquinolines Gene Among Coliform Bacteria isolated from Al-Hussainiya river

2024-09-17T11:12:55+00:00

Background: Coliform bacteria are the most important bacterial contaminate the water bodies.

Objectives: the present study aimed to detect antibiotics resistance and biofilm formation activities among coliform bacteria isolated from different places on Al-Hussainiya river.

Method :- During a period of July 2023 to February 2024, 18 samples were collected from three different places ( Baron, Al-Atishi area and the white arch) on Al-Hussainiya river in summer and winter (9 samples in summer and 9 samples in winter for isolation of coliform. Most probable number (MPN) methods were used for evaluated the numbers of coliform bacteria during two seasons. The isolated coliform were further identified using Biochemical tests and Vitek 2 technique. PCR method was used to detect some genes including SHV, TEM, CTX, qur-A and Aac(6) Ib in 15 isolates of coliform during summer and winter. The current data showed that the numbers of coliform were significantly higher in summer in the white arch and Baron hotel. In contrast coliform appeared to be significantly lower in winter compared to summer in Al-Atishi point. Two way anova showed significant differences between stations and seasons (P≤0.05).

The results :- of the antibiotics resistance test showed isolates of E.coli , Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp resistant to all tested types of antibiotic during summer, where's in winter season only E. coli were resistance to a few types of antibiotics.. The results of molecular identification showed that _SHV, _TEM, _CTX-M qur-A, Aac (6)Ib, bla_SHV, bla_TEM and bla _CTX-M genes were detected in 3 isolates of E. coli during winter only. However, these genes were not identified in Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp. In contrast, no isolates were reported to have any genes during summer season. In addition, most isolates of coliform were found to be biofilm producer bacteria.

Conclusion: coliform bacteria were ability to biofilm formation and their resist or sensitive for antibiotics.

Synthesis and Preliminary Antibacterial Activities of novel Schiff bases Derivatives of 3,6-diazahomoadamantane

2024-09-09T08:19:10+00:00

This work includes synthesis of new Schiff bases derivatives of diazahomoadamntane.

First, 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane 1 was treated with anisyl acetone to produce

1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,6-diazahomoadamantan-9-one

2. Reaction of ketone compound 2 with aqueous hydrazine yielded 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,6-diazahomoadamantan-9-hydrazone
3. Condensation of hydrazone derivative 3 with some benzaldehydes including (4-carboxybenzaldehyde, 3-chlorobenzaldehyde, 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde) under reflux in ethanol afforded imine derivatives of diazahomoadamntane

4a–d. The structures of newly synthesized derivatives have been deduced via FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and Mass spectral means. Antibacterial test of new derivatives 4a-d showed that compounds 4b, 4c, and 4d have activity against Staphylococcus aurous more than Gentamycin as a reference drug, also compound 4d pointed higher activity against Escherichia coli than the standard drug.

Biochemical and Demographical study in patients with corona virus

2024-09-25T08:52:49+00:00

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. However, some will become seriously ill and require medical attention. Older people and those with underlying medical conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. Anyone can get sick with COVID-19 and become seriously ill or die at any age. The objective of this study is to evaluate of some biochemical test and their complication in patients with COVID-19. The practical part included cross-sectional study and collecting any information and tests about the 49 patients with COVID-19 and 55 as a control in Karbala province. The obtained data were classified according to sex, age, mortality besides the biochemical tests. The results of this study showed that there is an increment in the concentration of urea and CRP comparing with the normal range as well as the level of WBC. In addition, the results revealed that the percentage of covid-19 patients in male was more than in female and the percentage of infected of age over 45 years was high. Furthermore, the D-dimer of 88% of patients was over 250 ng/ml. Besides, the mortality rate of male (57%) was more than in the female.

Association The relationship between fibrinogen and the development of foot ulcer inflammation in patients with and without type 2 diabetes

2024-10-01T07:10:11+00:00

Background: Diabetes-specific consequences include diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). In DFU a variety of bacterial communities have been found to be involved in the prognosis of infection. Fibrinogen is another easy and reliable indicator of inflammation. It has been observed that individuals with diabetic foot illness have higher levels of this protein.

Materials and Methods: In the current cross-sectional investigation, there were 100 samples total of diabetic type 2; 50 of the patients had type 2 diabetes with foot ulcers, while the other 50 did not. To identify the bacterial species, swab specimens were gathered and cultured.

Results: Based on the statistical analysis of this study, as age, and smoking there are a significant difference in most of the characteristics compared between the study populations. However, when comparing diabetic patients with foot ulcers to those without ulcers, the statistical analysis showed a statistically significant increase in fibrinogen levels. According to bacterial kind, gram-negative bacteria accounted for 78% of bacterial growth and gram-positive bacteria for 22%. The bacterial genera Staphylococcus aureus had the highest percentage of isolates from ulcers (34%), followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (28%), and Proteus mirabilis (26%).

Conclusion: There are many factors that increase the risk of developing diabetic foot ulcers and lead to a delay in wound healing and thus to amputation of limbs, which are obesity, smoking, and other diseases such as blood pressure and heart disease. In individuals with DFU, fibrinogen levels may be a useful as a marker for tracking the disease's advancement and determining how severe the condition is.

Face Expression Classification Based On Behavioral Pattern Recognition Using Deep Learning

2024-10-14T11:23:06+00:00

In this study, a novel personal identification and engagement monitoring approach based on facial recognition in online examinations is proposed. First, the proposed Back Propagation Convolutional Neural Network (BPCNN) model uses deep transfer learning to perform student identity verification and to unravel emotional cues indicating engagement. The system includes a serious of comprehensive authentication modules to block unauthorized access and guarantee integrity of testing. Furthermore, facial expressions like happiness, anger, sadness, surprise are captured to get the insights into the variations in student engagement. Likewise, the system does not utilize separate facial expression analysis refinements, but indirectly uses emotional cues to improve assessment reliability. The model is shown to have achieved a high accuracy rate of 92% overtaking conventional models against key performance metrics including accuracy, recall, and F1 score. This solution integrates robust facial recognition with indirect emotion based insights for improved security and engagement tracking in e learning environments.

Molecular identification of antibiotics resistance genes of pathogenic bacteria isolated from different clinical sources

2024-09-10T15:26:46+00:00

Most of the acquired antibacterial resistance can be obtained by mutations occurring in genes due to certain physical and chemical factors. These mutations are present in chromosomal gene and plasmids , among other types of mobile genetic elements. Aim of the current study is to determine the resistance genes in isolated pathogenic bacteria and their effectiveness in resisting pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics. In the present study, Samples from patients suffering from burns, wounds and urinary tract infection were collected . These samples were cultured on the proper media and colonies were identified by different biochemical tests. Identified pathogenic bacteria were applied to investigate their resistance against wide range of antibiotics using VITEK system. PCR technique was used to detect the antibiotics resistant genes among bacterial isolates. Results showed that K. pneumoniae carried all tested genes. However, tem and shv genes were absent in St. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. It can be concluded that all tested bacteria were dangerous due to the antibiotics resistance activity but K. pneumoniae were the most dangerous.

Expanding Network Function Virtualization (NFV) Technology's Performance and Reliability in LTE Systems

2024-09-26T05:56:33+00:00

As Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems evolve to meet growing data traffic and service demands, Network Function Virtualization (NFV) has emerged as a key enabler to improve network flexibility, scalability, and cost-efficiency. However, the performance and reliability of NFV implementations in LTE environments remain a significant challenge due to latency issues, resource allocation inefficiencies, and the complexity of ensuring consistent service availability. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a novel framework that enhances NFV's operational efficiency and reliability within LTE networks. The framework integrates dynamic resource management techniques with intelligent orchestration policies, which optimize the allocation of virtualized network functions (VNFs) while minimizing the impact on system performance. Additionally, the solution introduces enhanced failover mechanisms to mitigate the risks of service disturbence during VNF migration or hardware failures. Experimental results demonstrate improved throughput, reduced latency, and higher service availability compared to existing NFV solutions. This contribution significantly advances NFV's potential to support next-generation LTE systems, paving the way for more robust and adaptable mobile network infrastructures

The The Importance of Nanotechnology in Modern Medicine and its Use as Antimicrobial and Anticancer: a review

2024-09-05T06:48:13+00:00

Therapy utilizing nanoparticles has become known as a promising therapeutic modality. Those nanoparticles' nanosized gives them certain physical and chemical features as well as improves how well they interact with the biological system. Nanomaterials are characterized by treating many diseases, such as the treatment for cancer along with the significant issue of drug resistance in infection control. Incorporating antimicrobial Nano compounds into materials to prevent microbial adhesion or kill microorganisms has become an increasingly challenging strategy. Recently, many studies have been conducted on the preparation of nanomaterials with antimicrobial properties against diseases caused by pathogens. Despite tremendous efforts to produce antibacterial materials, there is little systematic research on antimicrobial coatings. In this article, we set out to provide a comprehensive overview of nanomaterials-based antimicrobial coatings that can be used to stop the spread of contamination on surfaces. Because of these particles' unique size, shape, and range of fundamental and chemical behaviors, they are being utilized to enhance current treatments. Together with a thorough overview of the condition of nanotechnology in medicine today, the writers covered the application of nanoparticles in the treatment of cancer, illnesses brought from bacteria that are resistant to drugs, including biofilm prevention.

An Overview of Techniques for Various Image Segmentation

2024-07-28T07:49:12+00:00

One of the most important image processing tasks is thought to be image segmentation. The process of splitting or partitioning an image into what are known as segments is known as image segmentation. Since it is inefficient to process the entire image for these kinds of applications, it is mostly helpful for image compression and object recognition applications. In order to separate the portions of a picture for additional processing, image segmentation is utilized. Many image segmentation algorithms are available that divide a picture into multiple segments according to certain properties such as color, texture, and pixel intensity value. These methods are all grouped according on the segmentation approach that was applied. This study reviews and discusses numerous image segmentation approaches, and ends with a comparison of their benefits and drawback

Stability of Riemann–Hadamard Fractional Differential Nonlinear System with Delay Riemann −Katugampola

2024-09-18T07:29:16+00:00

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the finite-time stability of a proposal problem containing a Riemann-Hadamard fractional differential nonlinear control system with delay Riemann-Katugampola fractional-order systems. The inequalities for satisfying the stability depend on Gronwald's general formulation, which constrains the types of fractionals. The necessary and sufficient conditions are presented in different results to support the stability with delay time of solution with nonlinear functions as well as the numerical examples to illustrate all the interesting results.

Cipher algorithms challenges of IoT applications: A review

2024-05-27T18:35:55+00:00

The enormous developments in the Internet and communications applications present new security challenges, such as sensitive data collection of IoT devices. Cipher algorithms play a key role in IoT applications, countless cryptosystems are presented for securing such applications. Various challenges were intensely presented due to the vast increase in the developments of IoT applications and the requirements of the cipher algorithms which are considered the main challenges for adapting lightweight cryptosystems. Thus, in this study, different cipher algorithms are reviewed and analyzed based on lightweight cryptosystems. Moreover, various features are examined and discussed through the most common cipher algorithms for designing cipher algorithms to be efficient in IoT applications. The result showed the major challenges and factors that should be undertaken when designing cryptosystems of IoT applications. The challenges are experimented with parameters such as key size, computational cost, time, etc. This work would be referenced for developing an efficient cipher algorithm for IoT applications which presents the main factors and challenges that should be considered when designing such cryptosystems.